Footnote # 1

Cotton Mather, "Magnalia Christi Americana" and "The Wonders of the Invisible World," in Anthology of American Literature, Vol. 1, ed. by George McMichael (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974), pp. 155 and 148.

Footnote # 2

Increase Mather, "A Brief History," in New England Outpost by Richard Melvoin (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989), p.105.

Footnote # 3

Stephen W. Williams, "A Biographical Memoir of the Rev. John Williams," in The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion by John Williams (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), p. 96.

Footnote # 4

John Williams's salary was given in English pounds, which was the currency of colonial New England. However, he was actually paid in the equivalent amount of goods. The value of his salary can be appreciated by comparison to the average "free estate" (the value of property after debts were paid) of Deerfield men, which was 61 pounds.

The Deerfield Town Book, January 5, 1686 town meeting; quoted in Richard I. Melvoin, New England Outpost (New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1989), p. 149.

Footnote # 5

Reverend Isaac Chauncy, funeral sermon for John Williams, in A History of Deerfield, Vol. I by George Sheldon (Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1895; reprinted 1972), pp. 459-460.

Footnote # 6

John Williams, "A Warning to the Unclean," pamphlet (Boston, MA: B. Green and J. Allen, 1698); on the Memorial Hall/PVMA web site (see "Further Reading" below).

Footnote # 7

John Williams, letter to Governor Joseph Dudley, in A History of Deerfield, Vol. I by George Sheldon (Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1895; reprinted 1972), p. 289.

Footnote # 8

John Williams, The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), p. 1.

Footnote # 9

John Williams, The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), pp. 10-12.

Footnote # 10

John Williams, The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), pp. 12-17.

Footnote # 11

John Williams, The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), pp. 18-20.

Footnote # 12

Reverend John Williams, The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion (Northampton, MA: Hopkins, Bridgman and Company, 1853), p. 20.

Footnote # 13

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 21.

Footnote # 14

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 21.

Footnote # 15

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 23.

Footnote # 16

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 23.

Footnote # 17

Williams, Redeemed Captive, pp. 24-25.

Footnote # 18

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 25.

Footnote # 19

Williams, Redeemed Captive, pp. 26-27.

Footnote # 20

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 29.

Footnote # 21

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 29.

Footnote # 22

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 32.

Footnote # 23

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 34.

Footnote # 24

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 35.

Footnote # 25

Williams, Redeemed Captive, pp. 36-37.

Footnote # 26

Williams, Redeemed Captive, pp. 59, 64.

Footnote # 27

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 45.

Footnote # 28

Williams, Redeemed Captive, p. 90.

Footnote # 29

Letter to Samuel Sewall, June 1, 1713; quoted in John Demos, The Unredeemed Captive (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1994) p. 116.

Further Reading

Demos, John. The Unredeemed Captive: A Family Story from Early America. New York: Knopf, 1994.

Haefeli, Evan and Sweeney, Kevin. Captors and Captives: The 1704 French and Indian Raid on Deerfield. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Press, 2003.

George McMichael, General Editor. Anthology of American Literature: Volume 1: Colonial Through Romantic. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1974.

Melvoin, Richard. New England Outpost: War and Society in Colonial Deerfield. New York: W. W. Norton, 1989.

Sheldon, George. A History of Deerfield, Massachusetts. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1895.

Williams, John. The Redeemed Captive Returning to Zion. Deerfield, MA: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 1706.

Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association (PVMA)/Memorial Hall Museum - http://deerfield-ma.org/museum.htm
This museum features history, art, artifacts, tools, historic documents and more, from colonial, American, and Native American New England.